contrast {stats} | R Documentation |
Return a matrix of contrasts.
contr.helmert(n, contrasts = TRUE) contr.poly(n, scores = 1:n, contrasts = TRUE) contr.sum(n, contrasts = TRUE) contr.treatment(n, base = 1, contrasts = TRUE) contr.SAS(n, contrasts = TRUE)
n |
a vector of levels for a factor, or the number of levels. |
contrasts |
a logical indicating whether contrasts should be computed. |
scores |
the set of values over which orthogonal polynomials are to be computed. |
base |
an integer specifying which group is considered the
baseline group. Ignored if contrasts is FALSE . |
These functions are used for creating contrast matrices for use in
fitting analysis of variance and regression models. The columns of
the resulting matrices contain contrasts which can be used for coding
a factor with n
levels. The returned value contains the
computed contrasts. If the argument contrasts
is FALSE
a square indicator matrix (the dummy coding) is returned except
for contr.poly
(which include the 0-degree, i.e. constant,
polynomial when contrasts = FALSE
).
cont.helmert
returns Helmert contrasts, which contrast the
second level with the first, the third with the average of the first
two, and so on. contr.poly
returns contrasts based on
orthogonal polynomials. contr.sum
uses ‘sum to zero
contrasts’.
contr.treatment
contrasts each level with the baseline level
(specified by base
): the baseline level is omitted. Note that
this does not produce ‘contrasts’ as defined in the standard
theory for linear models as they are not orthogonal to the intercept.
contr.SAS
is a wrapper for contr.treatment
that sets
the base level to be the last level of the factor. The coefficients
produced when using these contrasts should be equivalent to those
produced by many (but not all) SAS procedures.
A matrix with n
rows and k
columns, with k=n-1
if
contrasts
is TRUE
and k=n
if contrasts
is
FALSE
.
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical models. Chapter 2 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
contrasts
,
C
,
and
aov
,
glm
,
lm
.
(cH <- contr.helmert(4)) apply(cH, 2,sum) # column sums are 0! crossprod(cH) # diagonal -- columns are orthogonal contr.helmert(4, contrasts = FALSE) # just the 4 x 4 identity matrix (cT <- contr.treatment(5)) all(crossprod(cT) == diag(4)) # TRUE: even orthonormal (cP <- contr.SAS(5)) all(crossprod(cP) == diag(4)) # TRUE: even orthonormal (cP <- contr.poly(3)) # Linear and Quadratic zapsmall(crossprod(cP), dig=15) # orthonormal up to fuzz