| UseMethod {base} | R Documentation |
R possesses a simple generic function mechanism which can be used for
an object-oriented style of programming. Method dispatch takes place
based on the class of the first argument to the generic function or on
the object supplied as an argument to UseMethod or NextMethod.
UseMethod(generic, object) NextMethod(generic = NULL, object = NULL, ...)
generic |
a character string naming a function. Required for
UseMethod. |
object |
an object whose class will determine the method to be dispatched. Defaults to the first argument of the enclosing function. |
... |
further arguments to be passed to the method. |
An R “object” is a data object which has a class attribute.
A class attribute is a character vector giving the names of
the classes which the object “inherits” from.
If the object does not have a class attribute, it has an implicit
class. Matrices and arrays have class "matrix"
or"array" followed by the class of the underlying vector.
Most vectors have class the result of mode(x), except
that integer vectors have class c("integer", "numeric") and
real vectors have class c("double", "numeric").
When a generic function fun is applies to an object with class
attribute c("first", "second"), the system searches for a
function called fun.first and, if it finds it, applied it to
the object. If no such function is found a function called
fun.second is tried. If no class name produces a suitable
function, the function fun.default is used, if it exists, or an
error results.
Function methods can be used to find out about the
methods for a particular generic function or class.
Now for some obscure details that need to appear somewhere. These
comments will be slightly different than those in Appendix A of the
White S Book. UseMethod creates a “new” function call with
arguments matched as they came in to the generic. Any local variables
defined before the call to UseMethod are retained (unlike S). Any
statements after the call to UseMethod will not be evaluated as
UseMethod does not return. UseMethod can be called with
more than two arguments: a warning will be given and additional
arguments ignored. (They are not completely ignored in S.) If it is
called with just one argument, the class of the first argument of the
enclosing function is used as object: unlike S this is the first
actual argument passed and not the current value of the object of that
name.
UseMethod is a primitive function so positional matching is
used and names of supplied arguments are ignored.
NextMethod invokes the next method (determined by the
class). It does this by creating a special call frame for that
method. The arguments will be the same in number, order and name as
those to the current method but their values will be promises to
evaluate their name in the current method and environment. Any
arguments matched to ... are handled specially. They are
passed on as the promise that was supplied as an argument to the
current environment. (S does this differently!) If they have been
evaluated in the current (or a previous environment) they remain
evaluated.
NextMethod should not be called except in methods called by
UseMethod. In particular it will not work inside anonymous
calling functions (eg get("print.ts")(AirPassengers)).
Name spaces can register methods for generic functions. To support
this, UseMethod and NextMethod search for methods in
two places: first in the environment in which the generic function
is called, and then in the registration data base for the
environment in which the generic is defined (typically a name space).
So methods for a generic function need to either be available in the
environment of the call to the generic, or they must be registered.
It does not matter whether they are visible in the environment in
which the generic is defined.
Prior to R 2.1.0 UseMethod accepted a call with no arguments
and tried to deduce the generic from the context. This was
undocumented on the help page. It is allowed but
‘strongly discouraged’ in S-PLUS, and is no longer allowed in R.
This scheme is called S3 (S version 3). For new projects, it is recommended to use the more flexible and robust S4 scheme provided in the methods package.
The function .isMethodsDispatchOn() returns TRUE if
the S4 method dispatch has been turned on in the evaluator. It is
meant for R internal use only.
Chambers, J. M. (1992) Classes and methods: object-oriented programming in S. Appendix A of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.