| Control {base} | R Documentation |
These are the basic control-flow constructs of the R language. They function in much the same way as control statements in any Algol-like language.
if(cond) expr if(cond) cons.expr else alt.expr for(var in seq) expr while(cond) expr repeat expr break next
cond |
A length-one logical vector that is not NA.
Conditions of length greater than one are accepted with a warning, but
only the first element is used.
|
var |
A syntactical name for a variable. |
seq |
An expression evaluating to a vector (including a list). |
expr, cons.expr, alt.expr |
An expression in a formal sense. This is either a
simple expression or a so called compound expression, usually
of the form { expr1 ; expr2 }.
|
break breaks out of a for, while or repeat
loop; control is transferred to the first statement outside the inner-most loop.
next halts the processing of the current iteration and advances the
looping index. Both break and next apply only to the innermost
of nested loops.
Note that it is a common mistake to forget to put braces ({ .. })
around your statements, e.g., after if(..) or for(....).
In particular, you should not have a newline between } and
else to avoid a syntax error in entering a if ... else
construct at the keyboard or via source.
For that reason, one (somewhat extreme) attitude of defensive programming
is to always use braces, e.g., for if clauses.
The index seq in a for loop is evaluated at the start of
the loop; changing it subsequently does not affect the loop. The
variable var has the same type as seq. If seq is
a factor (which is not strictly allowed) then its internal codes are
used: the effect is that of as.integer not
as.vector.
if returns the value of the expression evaluated, or
NULL if none was (which may happen if there is no else).
for, while and repeat return the value of the
last expression evaluated (or NULL if none was), invisibly.
break and next have value NULL, although it would
be strange to look for a return value.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Syntax for the basic R syntax and operators,
Paren for parentheses and braces; further,
ifelse, switch.
for(i in 1:5) print(1:i)
for(n in c(2,5,10,20,50)) {
x <- rnorm(n)
cat(n,":", sum(x^2),"\n")
}