TclInterface {tcltk} | R Documentation |
These functions and variables provide the basic glue between R and the
Tcl interpreter and Tk GUI toolkit. Tk
windows may be represented via R objects. Tcl variables can be accessed
via objects of class tclVar
and the C level interface to Tcl
objects is accessed via objects of class tclObj
.
.Tcl(...) .Tcl.objv(objv) .Tcl.args(...) .Tcl.args.objv(...) .Tcl.callback(...) .Tk.ID(win) .Tk.newwin(ID) .Tk.subwin(parent) .TkWin .TkRoot tkdestroy(win) is.tkwin(x) tclvalue(x) tclvalue(x) <- value tclVar(init="") ## S3 method for class 'tclVar': as.character(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclVar': tclvalue(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclVar': tclvalue(x) <- value tclArray() ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': x[[...]] ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': x[[...]] <- value ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': x$i ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': x$i <- value ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': names(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclArray': length(x) tclObj(x) tclObj(x) <- value ## S3 method for class 'tclVar': tclObj(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclVar': tclObj(x) <- value as.tclObj(x, drop=FALSE) is.tclObj(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclObj': as.character(x) ## S3 method for class 'tclObj': as.integer(x, ...) ## S3 method for class 'tclObj': as.double(x, ...) ## S3 method for class 'tclObj': tclvalue(x) ## Default S3 method: tclvalue(x) ## Default S3 method: tclvalue(x) <- value addTclPath(path = ".") tclRequire(package, warn = TRUE)
objv |
a named vector of Tcl objects |
win |
a window structure |
x |
an object |
i |
character or (unquoted) name |
drop |
logical. Indicates whether a single-element vector should be made into a simple Tcl object or a list of length one |
value |
For tclvalue assignments, a character string. For
tclObj assignments, an object of class tclObj |
ID |
a window ID |
parent |
a window which becomes the parent of the resulting window |
path |
path to a directory containing Tcl packages |
package |
a Tcl package name |
warn |
logical. Warn if not found? |
... |
Additional arguments. See below. |
init |
initialization value |
Many of these functions are not intended for general use but are used
internally by the commands that create and manipulate Tk widgets and
Tcl objects. At the lowest level .Tcl
sends a command as a text
string to the Tcl interpreter and returns the result as an object of
class tclObj
(see below). A newer variant .Tcl.objv
accepts arguments in the form of a named list of tclObj
objects.
.Tcl.args
converts an R argument list of tag=value
pairs
to the Tcl -option value
style, thus
enabling a simple translation between the two languages. To send a
value with no preceding option flag to Tcl, just use an untagged
argument. In the rare case one needs an option with no subsequent
value tag=NULL
can be used. Most values are just converted to
character mode and inserted in the command string, but window objects
are passed using their ID string, and callbacks are passed via the
result of .Tcl.callback
. Tags are converted to option flags
simply by prepending a -
.Tcl.args.objv
serves a similar purpose as .Tcl.args
but
produces a list of tclObj
objects suitable for passing to
.Tcl.objv
. The names of the list are converted to Tcl option
style internally by .Tcl.objv
.
Callbacks can be either atomic callbacks handled by
.Tcl.callback
or expressions. An expression is treated as a
list of atomic callbacks, with the following exceptions: if an
element is a name, it is first evaluated in the callers frame, and
likewise if it is an explicit function definition; the break
expression is translated directly to the Tcl counterpart.
.Tcl.callback
converts R functions and unevaluated calls to
Tcl command strings. The argument must be either a function closure
or an object of mode "call"
followed by an environment. The
return value in the first case is of the form R_call
0x408b94d4
in which the hexadecimal number is the memory address of
the function. In the second case it will be of the form
R_call_lang 0x8a95904 0x819bfd0
. For expressions, a sequence
of similar items is generated, separated by
semicolons. .Tcl.args
takes special precautions to ensure
that functions or calls will continue to exist at the specified
address by assigning the
callback into the relevant window environment (see below).
Tk windows are represented as objects of class tkwin
which are
lists containing a ID
field and an env
field which is
an R environments, enclosed in the global environment. The value of
the ID
field is identical to the Tk window name. The env
environment contains a parent
variable and a num.subwin
variable. If the window obtains subwindows and callbacks, they are
added as variables to the environment. .TkRoot
is the top
window with ID "."; this window is not displayed in order to avoid
ill effects of closing it via window manager controls. The
parent
variable is undefined for .TkRoot
.
.Tk.ID
extracts the ID
of a window,
.Tk.newwin
creates a new window environment with a given ID and
.Tk.subwin
creates a new window which is a subwindow of a given
parent window.
tkdestroy
destroys a window and also removes the reference to a
window from its parent.
is.tkwin
can be used to test whether a given object is a window
environment.
tclVar
creates a new Tcl variable and initializes it to
init
. An R object of class tclVar
is created to
represent it. Using as.character
on the object returns the Tcl
variable name. Accessing the Tcl variable from R is done using the
tclvalue
function, which can also occur on the left sie of
assignments. If tclvalue
is passed an argument which is not a
tclVar
object, then it will assume that it is a character string
explicitly naming global Tcl variable. Tcl variables created by
tclVar
are uniquely named and automatically unset by the
garbage collector when the representing object is no longer in use.
tclArray
creates a new Tcl array and initalizes it to the empty
array. An R object of class tclArray
and inheriting from class
tclVar
is created to represent it. You can access elements of
the Tcl array using indexing with [[
or $
, which also
allow replacement forms. Notice that Tcl arrays are associative by
nature and hence unordered; indexing with a numeric index i
refers to the element with the name
as.character(i)
. Multiple indices are pasted together separated
by commas to form a single name. You can query the
length and the set of names in an array using methods for
length
and names
, respectively; these cannot
meaningfully be set so assignment forms exist only to print an error
message.
It is possible to access Tcl's ‘dual-ported’ objects directly,
thus avoiding parsing and deparsing of their string representation.
This works by using objects of class tclObj
. The string
representation of such objects can be extracted (but not set) using
tclvalue
and conversion to vectors of mode "character"
,
"double"
, or "integer"
. Conversely, such vectors can be
converted using as.tclObj
. There is an ambiguity as to what
should happen for length one vectors, controlled by the drop
argument; there are cases where the distiction matters to Tcl,
although mostly it treats them equivalently. Notice that
tclvalue
and as.character
differ on an object whose
string representation has embedded spaces, the former is sometimes to
be preferred, in particular when applied to the result of
tclread
, tkgetOpenFile
, and similar functions.
The object behind a tclVar
object
is extracted using tclObj(x)
which also allows an assignment
form, in which the right hand side of the assignment is automatically
converted using as.tclObj
. There is a print method for
tclObj
objects; it prints <Tcl>
followed by the string
representation of the object. Notice that as.character
on a
tclVar
object is the name of the corresponding Tcl
variable and not the value.
Tcl packages can be loaded with tclRequire
; it may be necessary
to add the directory where they are found to the Tcl search path with
addTclPath
.
Strings containing unbalanced braces are currently not handled well in many circumstances.
TkWidgets
,
TkCommands
,
TkWidgetcmds
.
capabilities("tcltk")
to see if Tcl/Tk support was
compiled into this build of R.
## Not run: ## These cannot be run by example() but should be OK when pasted ## into an interactive R session with the tcltk package loaded .Tcl("format \"%s\n\" \"Hello, World!\"") f <- function()cat("HI!\n") .Tcl.callback(f) .Tcl.args(text="Push!", command=f) # NB: Different address xyzzy <- tclVar(7913) tclvalue(xyzzy) tclvalue(xyzzy) <- "foo" as.character(xyzzy) tcl("set", as.character(xyzzy)) top <- tktoplevel() # a Tk widget, see Tk-widgets ls(envir=top$env, all=TRUE) ls(envir=.TkRoot$env, all=TRUE)# .Tcl.args put a callback ref in here ## End(Not run)