wilcox.test {stats} | R Documentation |
Performs one and two sample Wilcoxon tests on vectors of data; the latter is also known as ‘Mann-Whitney’ test.
wilcox.test(x, ...) ## Default S3 method: wilcox.test(x, y = NULL, alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), mu = 0, paired = FALSE, exact = NULL, correct = TRUE, conf.int = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula': wilcox.test(formula, data, subset, na.action, ...)
x |
numeric vector of data values. Non-finite (e.g. infinite or missing) values will be omitted. |
y |
an optional numeric vector of data values. |
alternative |
a character string specifying the alternative
hypothesis, must be one of "two.sided" (default),
"greater" or "less" . You can specify just the initial
letter. |
mu |
a number specifying an optional location parameter. |
paired |
a logical indicating whether you want a paired test. |
exact |
a logical indicating whether an exact p-value should be computed. |
correct |
a logical indicating whether to apply continuity correction in the normal approximation for the p-value. |
conf.int |
a logical indicating whether a confidence interval should be computed. |
conf.level |
confidence level of the interval. |
formula |
a formula of the form lhs ~ rhs where lhs
is a numeric variable giving the data values and rhs a factor
with two levels giving the corresponding groups. |
data |
an optional data frame containing the variables in the model formula. |
subset |
an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used. |
na.action |
a function which indicates what should happen when
the data contain NA s. Defaults to
getOption("na.action") . |
... |
further arguments to be passed to or from methods. |
The formula interface is only applicable for the 2-sample tests.
If only x
is given, or if both x
and y
are given
and paired
is TRUE
, a Wilcoxon signed rank test of the
null that the distribution of x
(in the one sample case) or of
x-y
(in the paired two sample case) is symmetric about
mu
is performed.
Otherwise, if both x
and y
are given and paired
is FALSE
, a Wilcoxon rank sum test (equivalent to the
Mann-Whitney test: see the Note) is carried out. In this case, the
null hypothesis is that the distributions of x
and y
differ by a location shift of mu
and the alternative is that
they differ by some other location shift.
By default (if exact
is not specified), an exact p-value is
computed if the samples contain less than 50 finite values and there
are no ties. Otherwise, a normal approximation is used.
Optionally (if argument conf.int
is true), a nonparametric
confidence interval and an estimator for the pseudomedian (one-sample
case) or for the difference of the location parameters x-y
is
computed. (The pseudomedian of a distribution F is the median
of the distribution of (u+v)/2, where u and v are
independent, each with distribution F. If F is symmetric,
then the pseudomedian and median coincide. See Hollander & Wolfe
(1973), page 34.) If exact p-values are available, an exact
confidence interval is obtained by the algorithm described in Bauer
(1972), and the Hodges-Lehmann estimator is employed. Otherwise, the
returned confidence interval and point estimate are based on normal
approximations.
With small samples it may not be possible to achieve very high confidence interval coverages. If this happens a warning will be given and an interval with lower coverage will be substituted.
A list with class "htest"
containing the following components:
statistic |
the value of the test statistic with a name describing it. |
parameter |
the parameter(s) for the exact distribution of the test statistic. |
p.value |
the p-value for the test. |
null.value |
the location parameter mu . |
alternative |
a character string describing the alternative hypothesis. |
method |
the type of test applied. |
data.name |
a character string giving the names of the data. |
conf.int |
a confidence interval for the location parameter.
(Only present if argument conf.int = TRUE .) |
estimate |
an estimate of the location parameter.
(Only present if argument conf.int = TRUE .) |
This function can use large amounts of memory and stack (and even crash
R if the stack limit is exceeded) if exact = TRUE
and one sample
is large (several thousands or more).
The literature is not unanimous about the definitions of the Wilcoxon rank sum and Mann-Whitney tests. The two most common definitions correspond to the sum of the ranks of the first sample with the minimum value subtracted or not: R subtracts and S-PLUS does not, giving a value which is larger by m(m+1)/2 for a first sample of size m. (It seems Wilcoxon's original paper used the unadjusted sum of the ranks but subsequent tables subtracted the minimum.)
R's value can also be computed as the number of all pairs
(x[i], y[j])
for which y[j]
is not greater than
x[i]
, the most common definition of the Mann-Whitney test.
Myles Hollander & Douglas A. Wolfe (1973),
Nonparametric statistical inference.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Pages 27–33 (one-sample), 68–75 (two-sample).
Or second edition (1999).
David F. Bauer (1972), Constructing confidence sets using rank statistics. Journal of the American Statistical Association 67, 687–690.
wilcox.exact
in exactRankTests covers much of the same ground, but also
produces exact p-values in the presence of ties.
kruskal.test
for testing homogeneity in location
parameters in the case of two or more samples;
t.test
for an alternative under normality
assumptions [or large samples]
## One-sample test. ## Hollander & Wolfe (1973), 29f. ## Hamilton depression scale factor measurements in 9 patients with ## mixed anxiety and depression, taken at the first (x) and second ## (y) visit after initiation of a therapy (administration of a ## tranquilizer). x <- c(1.83, 0.50, 1.62, 2.48, 1.68, 1.88, 1.55, 3.06, 1.30) y <- c(0.878, 0.647, 0.598, 2.05, 1.06, 1.29, 1.06, 3.14, 1.29) wilcox.test(x, y, paired = TRUE, alternative = "greater") wilcox.test(y - x, alternative = "less") # The same. wilcox.test(y - x, alternative = "less", exact = FALSE, correct = FALSE) # H&W large sample # approximation ## Two-sample test. ## Hollander & Wolfe (1973), 69f. ## Permeability constants of the human chorioamnion (a placental ## membrane) at term (x) and between 12 to 26 weeks gestational ## age (y). The alternative of interest is greater permeability ## of the human chorioamnion for the term pregnancy. x <- c(0.80, 0.83, 1.89, 1.04, 1.45, 1.38, 1.91, 1.64, 0.73, 1.46) y <- c(1.15, 0.88, 0.90, 0.74, 1.21) wilcox.test(x, y, alternative = "g") # greater wilcox.test(x, y, alternative = "greater", exact = FALSE, correct = FALSE) # H&W large sample # approximation wilcox.test(rnorm(10), rnorm(10, 2), conf.int = TRUE) ## Formula interface. boxplot(Ozone ~ Month, data = airquality) wilcox.test(Ozone ~ Month, data = airquality, subset = Month %in% c(5, 8))