gamm {mgcv} | R Documentation |
Fits the specified generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) to
data, by a call to lme
in the normal errors identity link case, or by
a call to glmmPQL
from the MASS
library otherwise.
In the latter case estimates are only approximately MLEs. The routine is typically
slower than gam
, and not quite as numerically robust.
Smooths are specified as in a call to gam
as part of the fixed
effects model formula, but the wiggly components of the smooth are treated as
random effects. The random effects structures and correlation structures
availabale for lme
are used to specify other random effects and
correlations.
It is assumed that the random effects and correlation structures are employed primarily to model residual correlation in the data and that the prime interest is in inference about the terms in the fixed effects model formula including the smooths. For this reason the routine calculates a posterior covariance matrix for the coefficients of all the terms in the fixed effects formula, including the smooths.
To use this function effectively it helps to be quite familiar with the use of
gam
and lme
.
gamm(formula,random=NULL,correlation=NULL,family=gaussian(), data=list(),weights=NULL,subset=NULL,na.action,knots=NULL, control=lmeControl(niterEM=0,optimMethod="L-BFGS-B"),niterPQL=20, verbosePQL=TRUE,method="ML",...)
formula |
A GAM formula (see also gam.models ).
This is exactly like the formula for a
glm except that smooth terms can be added to the right hand side of the
formula (and a formula of the form y ~ . is not allowed).
Smooth terms are specified by expressions of the form: s(var1,var2,...,k=12,fx=FALSE,bs="tp",by=a.var) where var1 ,
var2 , etc. are the covariates which the smooth
is a function of and k is the dimension of the basis used to
represent the smooth term. If k is not
specified then k=10*3^(d-1) is used where d is the number
of covariates for this term. fx is used to indicate whether or
not this term has a fixed muber of degrees of freedom (fx=FALSE
to select d.f. by GCV/UBRE). bs indicates the basis to use: see
s for full details, but note that the default "tp" can
be slow with large data sets. Tensor product smooths are specified using te terms.
|
random |
The (optional) random effects structure as specified in a call to
lme : only the list form is allowed, to facilitate
manipulation of the random effects structure within gamm in order to deal
with smooth terms. See example below. |
correlation |
An optional corStruct object (see corClasses ) as used to define correlation
structures in lme . Any grouping factors in the formula for
this object are assumed to be nested within any random effect grouping
factors, without the need to make this explicit in the formula (this is
slightly different to the behaviour of lme ). See examples below. |
family |
A family as used in a call to glm or gam .
The default gaussian with identity link causes gamm to fit by a direct call to
lme procided there is no offset term, otherwise glmmPQL from the MASS library is used. |
data |
A data frame containing the model response variable and
covariates required by the formula. By default the variables are taken
from environment(formula) , typically the environment from
which gamm is called. |
weights |
prior weights on the data. See documentation for lme
for details of how to use this argument. |
subset |
an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used in the fitting process. |
na.action |
a function which indicates what should happen when the data contain `NA's. The default is set by the `na.action' setting of `options', and is `na.fail' if that is unset. The ``factory-fresh'' default is `na.omit'. |
knots |
this is an optional list containing user specified knot values to be used for basis construction.
For the cr basis the user simply supplies the knots to be used, and there must be the same number as the basis
dimension, k , for the smooth concerned. For the tp basis knots has two uses.
Firstly, for large datasets
the calculation of the tp basis can be time-consuming. The user can retain most of the advantages of the t.p.r.s.
approach by supplying a reduced set of covariate values from which to obtain the basis -
typically the number of covariate values used will be substantially
smaller than the number of data, and substantially larger than the basis dimension, k . The second possibility
is to avoid the eigen-decomposition used to find the t.p.r.s. basis altogether and simply use
the basis implied by the chosen knots: this will happen if the number of knots supplied matches the
basis dimension, k . For a given basis dimension the second option is
faster, but gives poorer results (and the user must be quite careful in choosing knot locations).
Different terms can use different
numbers of knots, unless they share a covariate.
|
control |
A list of fit control parameters for lme returned by
lmeControl . Note the default setting for the number of EM iterations
used by lme : smooths are set up using custom pdMat classes,
which are currently not supported by the EM iteration code. Only increase this
number if you want to perturb the starting values used in model fitting
(usually to worse values!). The optimMethod option is only used if your
version of R does not have the nlminb optimizer function. |
niterPQL |
Maximum number of PQL iterations (if any). |
verbosePQL |
Should PQL report its progress as it goes along? |
method |
Which of "ML" or "REML" to use in the Gaussian
additive mixed model case when lme is called directly. Ignored in the
generalized case (or if the model
has an offset), in which case glmmPQL is used. |
... |
further arguments for passing on e.g. to lme |
The Bayesian model of spline smoothing introduced by Wahba (1983) and Silverman (1985) opens
up the possibility of estimating the degree of smoothness of terms in a generalized additive model
as variances of the wiggly components of the smooth terms treated as random effects. Several authors
have recognised this (see Wang 1998; Ruppert, Wand and Carroll, 2003) and in the normal errors, identity link case estimation can
be performed using general linear mixed effects modelling software such as lme
. In the generalized case only
approximate inference is so far available, for example using the Penalized Quasi-Likelihood approach of Breslow
and Clayton (1993) as implemented in glmmPQL
by Venables and Ripley (2002).
One advantage of this approach is that it allows correlated errors to be dealt with via random effects
or the correlation structures available in the nlme
library.
Some brief details of how GAMs are represented as mixed models and estimated using lme
or glmmPQL
in gamm
can be found in Wood (2004a,b). In addition gamm
obtains a posterior covariance matrix for the parameters of all the fixed effects and the smooth terms. The approach is similar to that described in (Lin & Zhang, 1999) - the covariance matrix of the data (or pseudodata in the generalized case) implied by the weights, correlation and random effects structure is obtained, based on the estimates of the parameters of these terms and this is used to obtain the posterior covariance matrix of the fixed and smooth effects.
The bases used to represent smooth terms are the same as those used in gam
.
In the event of lme
convergence failures, consider
modifying option(mgcv.vc.logrange)
: reducing it helps to remove
indefiniteness in the likelihood, if that is the problem, but too large a
reduction can force over or undersmoothing. See notExp2
for more
information on this option. Failing that, you can try increasing the
niterEM
option in control
: this will perturb the starting values
used in fitting, but usually to values with lower likelihood! Note that this
version of gamm
works best with R 2.2.0 or above and nlme
, 3.1-62 and above,
since these use an improved optimizer.
Returns a list with two items:
gam |
an object of class gam , less information relating to
GCV/UBRE model selection. At present this contains enough information to use
predict , summary and print methods and vis.gam ,
but not to use e.g. the anova method function to compare models. |
lme |
the fitted model object returned by lme or glmmPQL . Note that the model formulae and grouping
structures may appear to be rather bizarre, because of the manner in which the GAMM is split up and the calls to
lme and glmmPQL are constructed. |
This version of gamm
works best with nlme
3.1-62 and above and R
2.2.0 and above. This is because it is designed to work with the optimizers
used from these versions onwards, rather than the earlier default optimizers.
The routine will be very slow and memory intensive if correlation structures are used for the very large groups of data. e.g. attempting to run the spatial example in the examples section with many 1000's of data is definitely not recommended: often the correlations should only apply within clusters that can be defined by a grouping factor, and provided these clusters do not get too huge then fitting is usually possible.
Models must contain at least one random effect: either a smooth with non-zero
smoothing parameter, or a random effect specified in argument random
.
Models like s(z)+s(x)+s(x,z)
are not currently supported.
gamm
is not as numerically stable as gam
: an lme
call
will occasionally fail. See details section for suggestions.
gamm
is usually much slower than gam
, and on some platforms you may need to
increase the memory available to R in order to use it with large data sets
(see mem.limits
).
Note that the weights returned in the fitted GAM object are dummy, and not those used by the PQL iteration: this makes partial residual plots look odd.
Note that the gam
object part of the returned object is not complete in
the sense of having all the elements defined in gamObject
and
does not inherit from glm
: hence e.g. multi-model anova
calls will not work.
The parameterization used for the smoothing parameters in gamm
, bounds
them above and below by an effective infinity and effective zero. See
notExp2
for details of how to change this.
Simon N. Wood simon.wood@r-project.org
Breslow, N. E. and Clayton, D. G. (1993) Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, 9-25.
Lin, X and Zhang, D. (1999) Inference in generalized additive mixed models by using smoothing splines. JRSSB. 55(2):381-400
Pinheiro J.C. and Bates, D.M. (2000) Mixed effects Models in S and S-PLUS. Springer
Ruppert, D., Wand, M.P. and Carroll, R.J. (2003) Semiparametric Regression. Cambridge
Silverman, B.W. (1985) Some aspects of the spline smoothing approach to nonparametric regression. JRSSB 47:1-52
Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer.
Wahba, G. (1983) Bayesian confidence intervals for the cross validated smoothing spline. JRSSB 45:133-150
Wood, S.N. (2004a) Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 99:673-686
Wood, S.N. (2003) Thin plate regression splines. J.R.Statist.Soc.B 65(1):95-114
Wood, S.N. (2004b) Low rank scale invariant tensor product smooths for Generalized Additive Mixed Models. Technical Report of the Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK.
Wang, Y. (1998) Mixed effects smoothing spline analysis of variance. J.R. Statist. Soc. B 60, 159-174
http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~simon/
te
, s
, predict.gam
,
plot.gam
, summary.gam
, gam.neg.bin
,
vis.gam
,pdTens
,gamm.setup
library(mgcv) ## simple examples using gamm as alternative to gam set.seed(0) n <- 400 sig <- 2 x0 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x1 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x2 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x3 <- runif(n, 0, 1) f <- 2 * sin(pi * x0) f <- f + exp(2 * x1) - 3.75887 f <- f+0.2*x2^11*(10*(1-x2))^6+10*(10*x2)^3*(1-x2)^10-1.396 e <- rnorm(n, 0, sig) y <- f + e b <- gamm(y~s(x0)+s(x1)+s(x2)+s(x3)) plot(b$gam,pages=1) summary(b$lme) # details of underlying lme fit summary(b$gam) # gam style summary of fitted model anova(b$gam) b <- gamm(y~te(x0,x1)+s(x2)+s(x3)) op <- par(mfrow=c(2,2)) plot(b$gam) par(op) ## Add a factor to the linear predictor, to be modelled as random fac <- rep(1:4,n/4) f <- f + fac*3 fac<-as.factor(fac) g<-exp(f/5) y<-rpois(rep(1,n),g) b2<-gamm(y~s(x0)+s(x1)+s(x2)+s(x3),family=poisson,random=list(fac=~1)) plot(b2$gam,pages=1) ## now an example with autocorrelated errors.... x <- 0:(n-1)/(n-1) f <- 0.2*x^11*(10*(1-x))^6+10*(10*x)^3*(1-x)^10-1.396 e <- rnorm(n,0,sig) for (i in 2:n) e[i] <- 0.6*e[i-1] + e[i] y <- f + e op <- par(mfrow=c(2,2)) b <- gamm(y~s(x,k=20),correlation=corAR1()) plot(b$gam);lines(x,f-mean(f),col=2) b <- gamm(y~s(x,k=20)) plot(b$gam);lines(x,f-mean(f),col=2) b <- gam(y~s(x,k=20)) plot(b);lines(x,f-mean(f),col=2) ## more complicated autocorrelation example - AR errors ## only within groups defined by `fac' e <- rnorm(n,0,sig) for (i in 2:n) e[i] <- 0.6*e[i-1]*(fac[i-1]==fac[i]) + e[i] y <- f + e b <- gamm(y~s(x,k=20),correlation=corAR1(form=~1|fac)) plot(b$gam);lines(x,f-mean(f),col=2) par(op) ## more complex situation with nested random effects and within ## group correlation set.seed(0) n.g <- 10 n<-n.g*10*4 sig <- 2 ## simulate smooth part x0 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x1 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x2 <- runif(n, 0, 1) x3 <- runif(n, 0, 1) f <- 2 * sin(pi * x0) f <- f + exp(2 * x1) - 3.75887 f <- f+0.2*x2^11*(10*(1-x2))^6+10*(10*x2)^3*(1-x2)^10-1.396 ## simulate nested random effects.... fa <- as.factor(rep(1:10,rep(4*n.g,10))) ra <- rep(rnorm(10),rep(4*n.g,10)) fb <- as.factor(rep(rep(1:4,rep(n.g,4)),10)) rb <- rep(rnorm(4),rep(n.g,4)) for (i in 1:9) rb <- c(rb,rep(rnorm(4),rep(n.g,4))) ## simulate auto-correlated errors within groups e<-array(0,0) for (i in 1:40) { eg <- rnorm(n.g, 0, sig) for (j in 2:n.g) eg[j] <- eg[j-1]*0.6+ eg[j] e<-c(e,eg) } y <- f + ra + rb + e dat<-data.frame(y=y,x0=x0,x1=x1,x2=x2,x3=x3,fa=fa,fb=fb) ## fit model .... b <- gamm(y~s(x0,bs="cr")+s(x1,bs="cr")+s(x2,bs="cr")+ s(x3,bs="cr"),data=dat,random=list(fa=~1,fb=~1), correlation=corAR1()) plot(b$gam,pages=1) ## and a "spatial" example library(nlme);set.seed(1) test1<-function(x,z,sx=0.3,sz=0.4) { (pi**sx*sz)*(1.2*exp(-(x-0.2)^2/sx^2-(z-0.3)^2/sz^2)+ 0.8*exp(-(x-0.7)^2/sx^2-(z-0.8)^2/sz^2)) } n<-200 old.par<-par(mfrow=c(2,2)) x<-runif(n);z<-runif(n); xs<-seq(0,1,length=30);zs<-seq(0,1,length=30) pr<-data.frame(x=rep(xs,30),z=rep(zs,rep(30,30))) truth <- matrix(test1(pr$x,pr$z),30,30) contour(xs,zs,truth) # true function f <- test1(x,z) # true expectation of response ## Now simulate correlated errors... cstr <- corGaus(.1,form = ~x+z) cstr <- Initialize(cstr,data.frame(x=x,z=z)) V <- corMatrix(cstr) # correlation matrix for data Cv <- chol(V) e <- t(Cv) %*% rnorm(n)*0.05 # correlated errors ## next add correlated simulated errors to expected values y <- f + e ## ... to produce response b<- gamm(y~s(x,z,k=50),correlation=corGaus(.1,form=~x+z)) plot(b$gam) # gamm fit accounting for correlation # overfits when correlation ignored..... b1 <- gamm(y~s(x,z,k=50));plot(b1$gam) b2 <- gam(y~s(x,z,k=50));plot(b2) par(old.par)